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2023年08月06日
真空工藝 | 表面凈化處理之燒氫凈化
除了鎂、鋁、硅等氧化劑之外,大部分的氧化劑都可以通過燒氫氣來還原脫除。通常,在高溫下,氫氣的浸潤(露點>-10℃)對材料的脫炭及表面的有機物質起到一定的促進作用。在含水氫氣的氧化性環境下,除去了其中的CO和CO2。
可伐合金、鎳和不銹鋼樣品在同樣大小下的CO排出速率與氫化濕潤的時間之間的關系。將氫氣水燒至濕潤狀態后,一氧化碳下降了45%,鎳下降了32%。然而,在高溫下,CO排放速率卻沒有明顯降低,表明該合金排放CO的排放機理與其它合金相比有明顯的差異。
將氫氣燒成濕潤狀態可使待處理物料中空氣含量顯著提高,特別是氧氣含量。所以,低碳物質應該將氫氣(露點在-50℃以下)燒干。燃燒后的氫氣對氧化反應具有較大的促進作用,且含氧量較低,反應較好。比如,蒙乃爾(-65°C)的氫氣干燥后,其在真空下的產氣能力明顯下降,而如果在-35°C的露點下進行加工,則會釋放出許多CO和CO2。這是由于水蒸氣對金屬的表面造成的。在許多場合,燃燒氫氣的作用和抽真空一樣,但是燃燒氫氣的作用更大,其核心問題是如何確保燒氫燃燒過程中的氫氣純度。
在燃燒過程中,為了避免外部環境和燃燒過程中發生的解吸水蒸汽對爐膛環境造成的影響,需要采用下列幾種方法: (1)將裝有工件盤的區域減小到最?。ㄈ鐚⑵渲瞥删W筐形狀),并將工件盤分別吊掛,以利于氫氣流的清洗,同時也不會使工件周的水分密度陡然增加。 (2)對于加工過的零件,采用分段式的加熱方法。首先,將容器放在低溫區(300℃),讓容器內的水分被氫氣“洗凈”,避免了氧化。采用這種方法,如鎳、銅等,其放出氣體,與一般一次加熱法(由冷區直壓到熱區)相比,可降低近4/5。 氫氣燃燒后的冷卻速率與氫氣燃燒后的產品中的氫氣含量有關。如果在高溫下,如鎳、鐵、銅等氫氣中,100g鎳可以使7.75cm3的氫氣溶出,如果在高溫下加熱到一定程度,則會使氫氣在高溫下“凍結”。舉例來說,在1100℃時,氫氣在鐵中的溶解度比20℃時高1萬倍,如果降溫太快,氫氣沒有及時釋放出來,鐵中氫氣的含量就會大大超過通常的平衡含量。
在使用氫氣燃燒的過程中,需要特別關注的問題有: (1)鉭,鈦,鋯,釩等金屬在較高溫度下會和氫氣發生脆化反應,所以不能進行氫氣的燃燒。含有Mg、Al、Cr、Ti等反應性雜質的金屬,只有將氫氣(露點低于-60℃,氧氣的濃度(容積)低于0.005%)才能將其燃燒,不然就會在其表面形成一種穩定的氧化物,然后在真空環境中受到電子轟擊而分解釋放出H2。 (2)H2溶解在該金屬中,不會將該金屬中的任何一種氣體排出,反而會給金屬帶來巨大的內部壓力。這是由于氫氣在合金中的不均衡分配,特別是在晶格中不同類型的缺陷所產生的高內應力區,使合金內部的應力更高。氫氣還可以與氧化物,碳,碳化物等物質反應,產生大量的水份和沼氣,從而改變晶體結構。如果這些內應力超出了點陣的承受能力,就會出現形變或細小的裂縫,裂縫聚集成為一系列裂縫,從而導致緩慢滲漏,該應力主要集中在管殼和焊縫上。 (3)氫氣的還原性。氫氣的還原性非常高,可以在低溫下進行大量的還原。所以,如果將不同的金屬同時在H2中加熱,H2就會從與它親和力小的金屬跑到與它親合力大的金屬,比如Cu和Mo在一起燒氫時,Cu的氧化物容易還原,從而造成燒氫爐內水蒸氣增加,從而使Mo氧化。但在氫氣中,氧氣的運移率最大,而惰性氣體則最小。氫氣還會導致高含碳材料(碳鋼、碳化部件等)向含碳材料(鉬、鎢等)遷移,導致部件脆化或表面性能發生變化(4)在陰極組分中,氫氣的燃燒幫助緩解了對陰極的反應性氣體的破壞,或產生了活化效果。然而,該方法僅適用于常見的氧化物和LaB6,對于其他類型的陰極(如Th-W等)效果不佳,甚至可能造成危害。
通常,將試件的氫燒化溫度定為試件的加熱溫度,此方法既可使試件獲得較好的真空度,又可使試件不產生內應力。
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- [ PARAM ] array ( 'catename' => 'a', 'id' => '106', )
- [ RUN ] think\addons\Route->execute[ /www/wwwroot/vac/vendor/karsonzhang/fastadmin-addons/src/addons/Route.php ]
- [ LANG ] /www/wwwroot/vac/public/../application/common/lang/zh-cn/addon.php
- [ BEHAVIOR ] Run app\common\behavior\Common @addon_begin [ RunTime:0.001595s ]
- [ LANG ] /www/wwwroot/vac/addons/cms/lang/zh-cn.php
- [ DB ] INIT mysql
- [ VIEW ] /www/wwwroot/vac/addons/cms/view/default/show_news.html [ array ( 0 => 'config', 1 => 'user', 2 => 'site', 3 => '__CHANNEL__', 4 => 'isWechat', 5 => '__ARCHIVES__', 6 => '__MODEL__', ) ]
- [ BEHAVIOR ] Run \addons\cms\Cms @view_filter [ RunTime:0.000065s ]
0.085400s